The Development Of Hip Hop Music Essay

The Development Of Hip Hop Music Essay The hip bounce melodic classification created simultaneously with the hip jump culture which we can characterize by complex components, for example, Raping, Djing, The hip bounce music was conceived at the Bronx of New York city in 1970s fundamentally from African Americans and Jamaican Americans. Frequently the word rap is utilized as same significance with the hip bounce yet hip jump has a whole subculture. Normally rapping is likewise called Mcing (emceeing) which is a vocal style where the craftsman talks expressively in rhyme and with the organization of an instrumental or combined beat. Beats for the most part are made by circling and blending bits of different tunes. The underlying foundations of hip bounce are found in African-American music and at last African music. The griots of West Africa are a gathering of voyaging artists and artists who are a piece of an oral convention going back many years. Their vocal style is like that of rappers. The African-American customs of signifyingHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signifyin', the handfuls, and jazz verse are completely slipped from the griots. Moreover, melodic parody acts, for example, Rudy Ray Moore and Blowfly are considered by some to be the progenitors of rap. Inside New York City, griot-like exhibitions of verse and music by craftsmen, for example, The Last Poets, Gil Scott Heron and Jalal Mansur Nuriddin significantly affected the post-social liberties time culture of the 1960s and 1970s. Hip bounce emerged during the 1970s when square gatherings turned out to be progressively mainstream in New York City, particularly in the Bronx. Square gatherings fused DJs who played well known classes of music, particularly funk and soul music. DJs, understanding its positive gathering, started detaching the percussion breaks of well known melodies. This strategy was then basic in Jamaican name music and had spread to New York City by means of the generous Jamaican worker network. A significant advocate of the method was the back up parent of hip bounce, the Jamaican-conceived DJ Kool Herc. Clive Campbell (conceived April 16, 1955), otherwise called Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-conceived DJ who is credited with starting hip bounce music, in the Bronx, New York City. His playing of hard funk records of the sort embodied by James Brown was an option both to the brutal group culture of the Bronx and to the early fame of disco during the 1970s. In light of the responses of his artists, Campbell started to segregate the instrumental segment of the record which underscored the drum beat-the break-and change starting with one break then onto the next to one more. Hip jump was as a rule obscure outside of the United States preceding the mid 1980s. During that decade, it started its spread to each possessed mainland and turned into a piece of the music scene in many nations. In the early piece of the decade, break moving turned into the principal part of hip jump culture to arrive at Germany, Japan, Australia and South Africa, where the team Black Noise built up the training before starting to rap later in the decade. In the interim, recorded hip jump was discharged in France and the Philippines (Dyords Javiers Na Onseng Delight and Vincent Dafalongs Nunal). In Puerto Rico, Vico C turned into the principal Latino rapper, and his recorded work was the start of what got known as reggaeton. Japanese hip bounce is said to have started when Hiroshi Fujiwara came back to Japan and began playing Hip-Hop records in the mid 1980s. Japanese hip bounce commonly will in general be most straightforwardly impacted by old school hip jump, taking from the periods appealing beats, move culture, and by and large fun and joyful nature and consolidating it into their music. Thus, hip bounce remains as one of the most monetarily practical standard music classes in Japan, and the line among it and popular music is much of the time obscured. Hip jump has globalized into numerous societies around the world, as apparent through the rise of various territorial scenes. It has risen internationally as a development dependent on the fundamental principles of hip jump culture. The music and the craftsmanship keep on grasping, even commend, its transnational measurements while remaining consistent with the neighborhood societies to which it is established. Hip-jumps motivation varies relying upon each culture. In any case, the one thing for all intents and purposes all hip jump specialists worldwide share practically speaking is that they recognize their obligation to those African American individuals in New York who propelled the worldwide development. While hip-bounce is once in a while underestimated by Americans, it isn't so somewhere else, particularly in the creating scene, where it has come to speak to the strengthening of the disappointed and a cut of the American dream. American hip-bounce music has arrived at the social halls of the globe and has been consumed and reevaluated far and wide. Hip Hop music has had various consequences for youngsters since its beginning in the late 1970s. At the point when the vast majority consider rap music today, they quickly think about the hoodlum or hooligan mindset that has swarmed rural teenagers with a demeanor that mirrors the core of the ghetto. This may typically be uncovered through an adjustment in language or slang, just as an adjustment in appearance or dress. Rap about paints an image to an offspring of what is happening in the avenues. It affects rural adolescents since youngsters who live in destitution strictened zones as of now have a thought of what that life is truly similar to. Bunches of times it comes down to youngsters needing to be viewed as cool. As a social development, hip-jump figures out how to get charged as both a constructive and pessimistic effect on youngsters, particularly on Black and Latino youth. On one hand, there are African American activists, craftsmen and business visionaries, for example, Russell Simmons, who look to fabricate a dynamic political development among youthful hip-bounce fans and who have had humble accomplishment with voter enlistment endeavors. Then again, theres no lack of pundits who upbraid the adverse depictions of Black individuals, particularly ladies, in hip-jump verses and recordings. As of late, a couple of pundits in major U.S. papers observed a very much pitched showcasing firm investigation that refered to the social impact of hip-jump and gave an account of sexuality among African American youth in family units acquiring under $25,000 every year in 10 urban areas. The examination uncovered that Black teenagers are getting explicitly dynamic at ages more youthful than other youth and are experiencing HIV/AIDS at a rate higher than different gatherings. Political hip jump (likewise political rap) is a sub-classification of hip bounce music that created during the 1980s. Motivated by 1970s political ministers, for example, The Last Poets and Gil Scott-Heron, Public Enemy were the principal political hip jump gathering. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five discharged the principal notable sociopolitical rap tune in 1982 called The Message, which roused various rappers to address social and political subjects. Unequivocally political hip bounce is identified with yet unmistakable from cognizant hip jump since it alludes to specialists who have solid and clear political affiliations and plans, instead of the more summed up social critique run of the mill of cognizant hip bounce. It can likewise be utilized to incorporate political craftsmen of every single ideological stripe, though the term cognizant hip bounce by and large infers a comprehensively radical connection or viewpoint. There are several specialists whose music could be depicted as political. Dark HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_nationalismNationalism was one of the driving belief systems behind the aggressor wing of the North American social liberties development during the 1970s and mid 1980s. It assumed a significant job in early political hip bounce and keeps on being a significant invigorating power for some, contemporary political hip jump craftsmen. Noticeable Black Nationalist specialists incorporate Tupac Shakur, Public Enemy, Paris, and numerous others. Marxism has for quite some time been a significant energizing power in social developments worldwide and is no less so in Hip Hop. In actuality the two most obviously Marxist gatherings in the english language have been Marxman and The Coup. The two gatherings additionally incorporate(d) Revolutionary Nationalism into their message, Irish Republicanism for Marxman and Black Nationalism for the Coup. For these specialists, similarly as with Marxism when all is said in done, class battle and against government are major repeating topics. Political agitation has been a significant inspiring belief system for mainstream developments around the world for longer than a century and is similarly as important in Hip Hop culture. Like Marxist hip jump, class battle and hostile to government are significant subjects in revolutionary hip bounce music alongside Anti-parliamentarianism and a solid accentuation on intersectionality and the associations between various developments. The requirement for network level grassroots association and resistance to political chain of importance and ill-conceived authority are additionally normal subjects. In contrast to Marxist acts, a few of which have been marked to significant names, agitators craftsmen have commonly followed a DIY ethos which has driven them to remain independent.Many different specialists item to Capitalism as a rule yet favor not to unequivocally relate to either Marxism or Anarchism and rather advocate different types of Socialism. The most conspicuous hip jump acts that portray their governmental issues as communist are Dead Prez, Blue Scholars, SNIPED, and Sun Rise Above. Everlasting Technique recognizes himself as a communist and supports Castro and Leninism. Looptroop Rockers is an enemy of tyrant, against entrepreneur hip-jump venture from Sweden. Askari X, a rapper hailing from Oakland, CA, has likewise communicated his dedication to the African People Socialist Party. Other political hip bounce specialists advocate a wide scope of positions, and regularly can't help contradicting each other, as can be normal from an incredibly various worldwide scene. Zionist hip jump acts like Golan and Subliminal, and Palestinian patriots like the Iron Sheik have clear basic contradictions about a wide scope of issues, however both utilize hip bounce music and culture as a vehicle to communicate and spread the

Choosing The Right Vaccine Essay Topic

Choosing The Right Vaccine Essay TopicThe best idea is to create a vaccine essay topic that would be readily understood by the people who will read it. That way, you can avoid writing a complex thesis which is difficult to understand. You can either choose one that already has many other essay topics written on it, or you can create your own topic. But whatever your choice, make sure that it is a topic that would surely be comprehensible by anyone who reads it.The flu shot is often regarded as the easiest to understand. That is because there are already many such subjects covered by the government and private health authorities. They have already written volumes on how flu shots work and on the types of vaccines available. This is why they are able to create a vaccine essay topic that is not only easily understandable but also appears easy to understand. And if you think that you would need to write a vaccine essay topic that is not easy to understand, then you might want to reconsid er what you are planning to write.It is still important for you to learn about flu shots in order to write the best essay on it. All that you need to do is to look into the important things that you should include in a flu shot essay topic. For example, look at the information that would help the reader understand what the flu shot is all about. If the flu shot has to do with vaccinations, make sure that you have included this information in your essay. Besides, you also need to make sure that you will be able to put into words what the flu shot entails.In addition, you also need to make sure that you include enough information in your essay. Be very careful with the information that you include. In fact, it is necessary for you to be well-informed about the information that you include in your essay. This way, you will be able to fully convince the reader that the flu shot is a very useful tool.In addition, you also need to be very thorough in your information. Make sure that you c over all of the information that is required to write a good vaccine essay topic. Keep in mind that a vaccine essay is not going to be interesting if you cannot cover all of the facts and information that are involved in the subject. For example, you do not want to give out incorrect information to the readers.Aside from facts and information, the essay also needs to include some arguments. You can use the best arguments in your essay, especially if you have the ability to link together the different facts and information you have. When you write an essay, you always need to show your understanding of the facts.But what can you do if you lack the skill to come up with a good essay? It is quite simple. You can simply hire the services of a freelance writer. A freelance writer does not charge you for a good quality essay because they are in it for the money.This means that you can rely on them to provide you with a good and quality essay that would be worth writing. To top it all off, a freelance writer will be able to give you their opinion on whether or not the essay that you are planning to write is worthy of publication. That is why it is good to be choosy when you choose the right freelance writer for the job.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 30-32

Part 30 SB level. Senate storm cellar. Robert Langdon's claustrophobia held him all the more firmly with each rushing venture of their plunge. As they moved further into the structure's unique establishment, the air turned out to be overwhelming, and the ventilation appeared to be nonexistent. The dividers down here were a lopsided mix of stone and yellow block. Chief Sato composed on her BlackBerry as they strolled. Langdon detected a doubt in her watched way, however the inclination was rapidly getting complementary. Sato still hadn't disclosed to him how she knew Langdon was here today around evening time. An issue of national security? He made some hard memories seeing any connection between old mystery and national security. On the other hand, he made some hard memories seeing a lot of anything about this circumstance. Subside Solomon endowed me with a charm . . . a misled insane person fooled me into carrying it to the Capitol and needs me to utilize it to open an enchanted entrance . . . conceivably in a room called SBB13. Not actually a reasonable picture. As they went ahead, Langdon attempted to shake from his psyche the frightful picture of Peter's inked hand, changed into the Hand of the Mysteries. The grisly picture was joined by Peter's voice: The Ancient Mysteries, Robert, have brought forth numerous fantasies . . . be that as it may, that doesn't mean they themselves are fiction. Regardless of a lifelong examining supernatural images and history, Langdon had consistently battled mentally with the possibility of the Ancient Mysteries and their intense guarantee of apotheosis. Truly, the chronicled record contained unquestionable proof that mystery shrewdness had been gone down through the ages, obviously having come out of the Mystery Schools in early Egypt. This information moved underground, reemerging in Renaissance Europe, where, as indicated by most records, it was endowed to a first class gathering of researchers inside the dividers of Europe's head logical think tankâ€the Royal Society of Londonâ€enigmatically nicknamed the Invisible College. This covered â€Å"college† immediately turned into a cerebrum trust of the world's most edified minds†those of Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and even Benjamin Franklin. Today, the rundown of current â€Å"fellows† was no less impressiveâ€Einstein, Hawking, Bohr, and Celsius. These incredible personalities had all made quantum jumps in human comprehension, progresses that, as indicated by a few, were the consequence of their introduction to antiquated intelligence covered up inside the Invisible College. Langdon questioned this was valid, albeit absolutely there had been a surprising measure of â€Å"mystical work† occurring inside those dividers. The disclosure of Isaac Newton's mystery papers in 1936 had staggered the world by uncovering Newton's all-devouring energy for the investigation of old speculative chemistry and enchanted intelligence. Newton's private papers remembered a manually written letter to Robert Boyle for which he admonished Boyle to keep â€Å"high silence† with respect to the magical information they had learned. â€Å"It can't be communicated,† Newton composed, â€Å"without tremendous harm to the world.† The importance of this weird notice was all the while being discussed today. â€Å"Professor,† Sato said abruptly, looking up from her BlackBerry, â€Å"despite your request that you have no clue why you're here today around evening time, maybe you could reveal insight into the importance of Peter Solomon's ring.† â€Å"I can try,† Langdon stated, pulling together. She created the example sack and gave it to Langdon. â€Å"Tell me about the images on his ring.† Langdon inspected the natural ring as they traveled through the abandoned path. Its face bore the picture of a twofold headed phoenix holding a flag broadcasting ORDO AB CHAO, and its chest was decorated with the number 33. â€Å"The twofold headed phoenix with the number thirty-three is the symbol of the most elevated Masonic degree.† Technically, this esteemed degree existed exclusively inside the Scottish Rite. In any case, the rituals and degrees of Masonry were a mind boggling progressive system that Langdon wanted to detail for Sato this evening. â€Å"Essentially, the thirty-third degree is a first class respect held for a little gathering of profoundly cultivated Masons. The various degrees can be achieved by effective finishing of the past degree, however climb to the thirty-third degree is controlled. It's by greeting only.† â€Å"So you knew that Peter Solomon was an individual from this tip top inward circle?† â€Å"Of course. Enrollment is not really a secret.† â€Å"And he is their most elevated positioning official?† â€Å"Currently, yes. Diminish heads the Supreme Council Thirty-third Degree, which is the overseeing body of the Scottish Rite in America.† Langdon constantly cherished visiting their headquartersâ€the House of the Templeâ€a old style perfect work of art whose emblematic ornamentation matched that of Scotland's Rosslyn Chapel. â€Å"Professor, did you notice the etching on the ring's band? It bears the words 'Everything is uncovered at the thirty-third degree.' â€Å" Langdon gestured. â€Å"It's a typical topic in Masonic lore.† â€Å"Meaning, I expect, that on the off chance that a Mason is admitted to this most elevated thirty-third degree, at that point something exceptional is uncovered to him?† â€Å"Yes, that is the legend, however most likely not the truth. There's constantly been conspiratorial guess that a chosen few inside this most elevated echelon of Masonry are made aware of some extraordinary otherworldly mystery. Reality, I think, is most likely far less dramatic.† Subside Solomon frequently made perky inferences to the presence of a valuable Masonic mystery, yet Langdon constantly accepted it was only a wicked endeavor to urge him into joining the fellowship. Tragically, this evening's occasions had been definitely not fun loving, and there had been nothing insidious about the reality with which Peter had asked Langdon to secure the fixed bundle in his daybag. Langdon looked miserably at the plastic sack containing Peter's gold ring. â€Å"Director,† he asked, â€Å"would you mind in the event that I clutched this?† She investigated. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"It's truly important to Peter, and I'd prefer to return it to him tonight.† She looked wary. â€Å"Let's expectation you get that chance.† â€Å"Thanks.† Langdon stashed the ring. â€Å"Another question,† Sato said as they hurried further into the maze. â€Å"My staff said that while cross-checking the ideas of the 'thirty-third degree' and 'entryway' with Masonry, they turned up truly several references to a 'pyramid'?† â€Å"That's to be expected, either,† Langdon said. â€Å"The pyramid manufacturers of Egypt are the harbingers of the cutting edge stonemasons, and the pyramid, alongside Egyptian subjects, is basic in Masonic symbolism.† â€Å"Symbolizing what?† â€Å"The pyramid basically speaks to illumination. It's a compositional image significant of old man's capacity to break liberated from his natural plane and climb upward toward paradise, close to the brilliant sun, and at last, around the incomparable wellspring of illumination.† She held up a second. â€Å"Nothing else?† Nothing else?! Langdon had quite recently portrayed one of history's most exquisite images. The structure through which man raised himself into the domain of the divine beings. â€Å"According to my staff,† she stated, â€Å"it seems like there is a significantly more applicable association today around evening time. They let me know there exists a famous legend about a particular pyramid here in Washingtonâ€a pyramid that relates explicitly to the Masons and the Ancient Mysteries?† Langdon now acknowledged what she was alluding to, and he attempted to disperse the idea before they burned through any additional time. â€Å"I know about the legend, Director, however it's unadulterated dream. The Masonic Pyramid is one of D.C's. most suffering legends, presumably originating from the pyramid on the Great Seal of the United States.† â€Å"Why didn't you notice it earlier?† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"Because it has no premise truth be told. Like I stated, it's a legend. One of many related with the Masons.† â€Å"And yet this specific fantasy relates legitimately to the Ancient Mysteries?† â€Å"Sure, as do a lot of others. The Ancient Mysteries are the establishment for innumerable legends that have made due in historyâ€stories about incredible shrewdness secured by mystery watchmen like the Templars, the Rosicrucians, the Illuminati, the Alumbradosâ€the list continues endlessly. They are totally founded on the Ancient Mysteries . . . also, the Masonic Pyramid is only one example.† â€Å"I see,† Sato said. â€Å"And what does this legend really say?† Langdon considered it for a couple of steps and afterward answered, â€Å"Well, I'm no pro in fear inspired notion, yet I am taught in folklore, and most records go something like this: The Ancient Mysteriesâ€the lost insight of the agesâ€have since quite a while ago been viewed as humankind's most consecrated fortune, and like every single extraordinary fortune, they have been painstakingly ensured. The edified sages who comprehended the genuine intensity of this shrewdness figured out how to fear its great potential. They realized that if this mystery information were to fall into unenlightened hands, the outcomes could be destroying; as we said prior, useful assets can be utilized either for good or for malicious. Along these lines, so as to secure the Ancient Mysteries, and humanity all the while, the early experts framed mystery clubs. Inside these fellowships, they shared their knowledge just with the appropriately started, passing the intelligence from sage to sage. Man y accept we can think back and see the chronicled leftovers of the individuals who aced the Mysteries . . . in the narratives of alchemists, entertainers, and healers.† â€Å"And the Masonic Pyramid?† Sato inquired. â€Å"How does that fit in?† â€Å"Well,† Langdon stated, striding quicker presently to keep pace

United Technologie Essay Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2490 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Technology Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction There is a growing body of evidence available in the published literature that suggests that anthropogenic activities are the primary cause of global warming and the subsequent climate change that has occurred and will occur due to global warming (Solomon et al., 2009). The increasing international agreement has resulted in a general consensus that there is a global need to coordinate the responses to the global threat that anthropogenic activities pose regarding negative environmental impacts (Ostrom, 2010). In order to adequately address the negative environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities it is necessary to understand how the aforesaid activities interact with the environment to enable the development of appropriate solutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "United Technologie Essay Example For Free" essay for you Create order However, the acknowledgement of the current global environmental issues and the need for comprehensive action does not necessarily translate to strategic responses worldwide. There are many different aspects to the global response to environmental issues, one of which is the subject of this essay. The particular aspect of the global response that is considered in this essay is the adoption of environmental technologies: in particular, what determines the successful adoption of environmental technologies? The adoption of environmental technologies is a pivotal aspect of mitigating the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment. This is due to the fact that it is unlikely that societies will regress to the point where the continuation of day-to-day existence will cease to impact negatively upon the environment. Features of modern living such as electricity consumption and the use of automobiles are unlikely to cease in the near future. Therefore in order to reduce the neg ative impact of the global society on the environment it is necessary to reduce the impact of everyday activities by substituting technologies that are harmful to the environment with technologies that at the very least reduce the environmental degradation if not cease it completely (Bergman and Eyre, 2011). It is a given that there is a global comprehension regarding how anthropogenic activities are degrading the environment, yet there has not been a cessation of the use of environmentally damaging technologies. Therefore the question that is asked within this essay is what determines the successful adoption of environmental technologies? If an answer to this question can be determined then it may be possible to use the findings to promote the adoption of environmental technologies on an increasingly widespread basis and thereby reduce the potential environmental degradation that is associated with the current level of technology use. The following paragraphs will discuss asp ects of the successful adoption of environmental technology. The factor of scale The level at which technologies are adopted is likely to have a substantial influence on the successful adoption of environmental technology. The scale of the levels at which technology is adopted run from the household level, the community level and the national level up to the international level. At each level there will be different dominant influencing factors that determine whether the adoption of environmental technology will be successful. However, it is also important to differentiate between which of these levels is likely to have the most influence over the other levels. For example, it is unlikely that the household level will have a significant influence over whether an environmental technology will be successfully adopted or not. This is because of the influence that will be had by those in control at the levels above the household level (i.e. all other levels). There will be a limited influence at the household level, for example in government responses to the desire of populations; however this influence is unlikely to be substantial overall. The National Scale It is much more likely that the national government will have a greater controlling influence over the successful adoption of environmental technologies than those individuals at the household level. This is due to the fact that the national governments set the policies and regulations for the country as a whole: an ideal method for expressing support or a lack of support for particular technologies (Jacobsson and Lauber, 2006). For example, the use of solar thermal technology as a means of producing hot water at the household level only became popular in the United Kingdom when the United Kingdom government introduced policy that was supportive of the use of solar thermal energy at the household level with the introduction of grants and supportive policies. A specific example is when the United Kingdom introduced the low carbon buildings programme which resulted in 3,000 solar thermal installations in the first two years; however the government subsequently reduced the grant fundi ng that was available for this programme and there was a corresponding drop in the number of solar thermal installations that were implemented (Bergman and Jardine, 2009). Overall, the adoption of renewable energy systems at the household level in the United Kingdom is low (Caird et al., 2008). The previous example demonstrates the extent of control that the national government possess in regards to the uptake and the successful adoption of environmental technology, although it should be noted that to some extent the policies of the government are likely to reflect the desires of the population, particularly in democratic nations. The increasing popularity and support among the general population for environmentally friendly technologies will go some way towards encouraging the governments to be supportive of environmental technologies. For example, there are numerous environmental groups, such as Greenpeace, that campaign for governments to introduce more extensive legislation to p rotect the environment from degradation, one aspect of which is the use of environmental technologies (Gough and Shackley, 2001). Thus it can be seen that the national government policies and legislation can be a key factor that can be highly influential in terms of the successful adoption of environmental technologies. It is not just the current government policies that can potentially be highly influential for the successful adoption of environmental technologies. The historical policies and technology use patterns can also have a substantial influence over the success of environmental technologies. For example, in Denmark the use of environmental technology to harness the wind for electricity generation has been occurring since the early 1900s, and in 1918 3% of the electricity needs of Denmark were generated by windmills (Beise and Rennings, 2005). This early adoption of harnessing wind for energy generation is most likely the primary reason for the extensive use of wind turb ines in Denmark in comparison to other countries (see figure 1). It should also be noted that Denmark had a more prolific use of wind turbines significantly earlier than many other countries (see figure 1). In comparison to Denmark, the United Kingdom utilises relatively little of the potential energy that they could generate from their wind resources (see figure 1). This is not because the environmental technology is not developed it can be seen from the successful implementation of wind turbines in other countries that the technology is fit for purpose, and the United Kingdom government is known to be supportive to the use of renewable energy technologies. Therefore there must be some other reason why there is relatively low exploitation of wind resources in the United Kingdom. One potential reason is the dislike of the wind turbine infrastructure that has been expressed by many organisations and individuals that inhabit areas near to proposed turbine sites (Jones and Eiser, 2 010). Another reason may also be the difference in policies to encourage the use of wind technologies between the United Kingdom and Denmark. Denmark has operated a policy based on the principle of renewable energy feed tariffs, whereas the United Kingdom has operated a policy termed bidding systems (Beise and Rennings, 2005). When examined in closer detail, studies have found that the renewable energy feed tariffs, such as that used by Denmark, are far superior to that of the bidding system in terms of promoting the proliferation and thus successful adoption of environmental technologies that are used for energy generation (Beise and Rennings, 2005). Figure 1. The extent of exploitation of wind for energy generation as a percentage of the total potential energy generation from wind (Beise and Rennings, 2005 p. 10). Thus it can be concluded that whilst the policy of the governing body is a key factor in the uptake of environmental technology at the national level, not all government policies are created equal. As is the case with wind energy in Denmark and the United Kingdom, both governments have policies in place that are meant to support the adoption of technology that allows the generation of energy from wind; however it is apparent that the Danish policy has enabled a greater adoption of the technology than the United Kingdom policy. The International Scale International policy is also likely to have an influence on the potential success of environmental technology adoption. There is a growing body of international treaties that are signed by numerous nations that detail the need for global action to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the environment. An example of these treaties is the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto protocol is an international agreement regarding the issues of global warming and climate change, within which the signatory nations agree to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly those that are carbon-based, with the aim of achieving eventually atmospheric levels that are equal to a 1990 base level (Manne and Richels, 2000). Several methods have been introduced by the signatory countries to achieve this, including the introduction of regulations that require the limiting of emissions. In order to limit emissions from processes that previously would have emitted greenhouse gases, new environm ental technologies have to be introduced that either do not emit these gases or capture the gases before emission. However, it is not just the signatory countries which have agreed to limit their emissions that have introduced new environmental technology adoption (again through the medium of government policy and regulation), but also some countries which are not required to actively reduce their emissions (due to their development status) that have introduced environmental technologies to achieve this aim for example China (Fang et al., 2001). China has made significant gains in reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases by introducing the successful adoption of environmental technologies through policies and regulations. Indeed, the emissions reductions of China could potentially exceed those of the countries required under the Kyoto protocol to reduce their emissions (Zhang, 2010). It is possible that the driving factors for the adoption of the new environmental technologi es in China are due to a combination of the relatively extreme impact on the environment that anthropogenic activities have precipitated in China, a desire to increase their economic growth, and an additional desire to operate in the global market (Liu and Feng, 2011). The adoption of environmental technology in China is a relatively new occurrence. Previously the focus in China was on economic growth, with little concern for the environmental impact: therefore there was little to no environmental regulations in place with few incentives for the adoption of environmental technologies (Zhang, 2010). This is an issue that was noted in a study that was conducted by Popp (2010), who suggested that the proliferation of environmental technology is intrinsically linked to the proliferation of environmental regulations. Therefore a country that has poor environmental regulations is highly likely to not have seen the successful adoption of environmental technology. In a similar vein, a st udy conducted by Costantini and Crespi (2008) concluded that when environmental regulations are more extensive and stringent, there is an increase in the investments that are made in environmental technologies, thereby likely increasing the successful adoption of environmental technologies as the technologies mature and become more generally regarded as reliable. Conclusions In conclusion, it was found that there is an intrinsic link between policy and regulations, be it on an international or a national level, and the successful adoption of environmental technologies. Whilst it was found that there were also other factors that could potentially influence the successful adoption of environmental technologies, these factors were considered to be incidental when compared to the influence of policy and regulations. The influence of policy and regulations on the successful adoption of environmental technology is suggested to occur because the regulations and legislation of governing bodies are not something that can easily be ignored without repercussions; thus it could be said that this method of introduction to the option of environmental technology is not a choice, but rather forces individuals, communities and businesses to implement environmental technologies in their homes and workplaces. The link between policy and the successful adoption of envi ronmental technologies was further highlighted when considering developing countries such as China. Prior to the introduction of environmental policies there was little to no proliferation of environmental technology within China it was only subsequent to policy changes that environmental technologies began to be adopted. Therefore in order to support the adoption of environmental technologies it is of extreme importance that the national policies of the governing bodies are supportive of environmental technologies in order to reduce the environmental degradation caused by anthropogenic activities. References Beise, M., Rennings, K. (2005). Lead markets and regulation: a framework for analyzing the international diffusion of environmental innovations. Ecological economics, 52(1), 5-17. Bergman, N., Jardine, C. (2009). Power from the people: domestic microgeneration and the Low Carbon Building Programme, ECI Research Report 34. University of Oxford, Environmental Change Institute. Available online at: www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/bergmanjardine09powerpeople.pdf (Accessed 01/2015). Bergman, N., Eyre, N. (2011). What role for microgeneration in a shift to a low carbon domestic energy sector in the UK?. Energy Efficiency, 4(3), 335-353. Caird, S., Roy, R., Herring, H. (2008). Improving the energy performance of UK households: Results from surveys of consumer adoption and use of low-and zero-carbon technologies. Energy Efficiency, 1(2), 149-166. Costantini, V., Crespi, F. (2008). Environmental regulation and the export dynamics of energy technologies. Ecological Ec onomics, 66(2), 447-460. Fang, J., Chen, A., Peng, C., Zhao, S., Ci, L. (2001). Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998. Science, 292(5525), 2320-2322. Gough, C., Shackley, S. (2001). The respectable politics of climate change: the epistemic communities and NGOs. International Affairs, 77(2), 329-346. Jacobsson, S., Lauber, V. (2006). The politics and policy of energy system transformationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology. Energy policy, 34(3), 256-276. Jones, C. R., Eiser, J. R. (2010). Understanding local opposition to wind development in the UK: How big is a backyard?. Energy Policy, 38(6), 3106-3117. Liu, C Feng, Y.. (2011). Low-carbon economy: theoretical study and development path choice in China. Energy Procedia, 5, 487-493. Manne, A. S., Richels, R. G. (2000). The Kyoto Protocol: a cost-effective strategy for meeting environmental objectives?. In Efficiency and equity of cl imate change policy (pp. 43-61). Springer Netherlands. Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550-557. Popp, D. (2010). Exploring links between innovation and diffusion: adoption of NOx control technologies at US coal-fired power plants. Environmental and Resource Economics, 45(3), 319-352. Solomon, S., Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., Friedlingstein, P. (2009). Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106:6, pp. 1704-1709. Zhang, Z. (2010). China in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Energy Policy, 38(11), 6638-6653.

Essay on A New England Town the First Hundred Years

Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1970) Many historical texts about the American Revolution and the events leading up to it are generalized, unspecific and do not investigate the preliminary causes of the changes America underwent before the Revolution. However, A New England Town by Professor Kenneth Lockridge attempts to describe how the colonies in America developed by following the progress of a typical Puritan colonial town, Dedham, Massachusetts, from its inception in 1636 through its first one hundred years. It is Lockridge’s belief that colonial history can be better learned through thoroughly examining one specific town instead of shallowly studying many.†¦show more content†¦In the first, Dedham’s founders strive to create the perfect covenant that will shape the town into a vision of social perfection and emphasize that â€Å"the foundation whereof is everlasting love† (5). Once a specific number of townsmen were selected by the founders and all committed to the covenant, they a ssigned plots of land to each of the thirty settlers and painstakingly began to create a strict, selective and flawless church. Next, the town elects selectmen who act as the judge and jury when rare conflicts arise between neighbors or citizens. Dedham was growing in population until laws involving the church became too strict, loopholes were created in communal obligation laws and influential and experienced leaders retired or passed away. The perfected balance of Dedham was slowly tipping, and decline was evident. In the following section, Dedham begins to rebuild and expand significantly. The infrequent town meetings quickly gave way to numerous, drawn-out gatherings and eventually led to a more powerful government instead of a balance between the selectmen and townsmen. Later, sections of the land grant that were left undeveloped in the town’s first fifty years were now getting developed into farmland and inhabited by townsmen looking to expand. Eventually six dif ferent divisions were created. After the towns were built in each division, churches were created, and Dedham’s valued unity was nearly nonexistent. Similarly, a subtle development ofShow MoreRelatedThe Hundred Years War Essays1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hundred Years War After the Crusades, trade began to revive in Italy, largely because neither trade nor towns had declined as much there as elsewhere. As trade grew in other countries, fairs were set up as places where merchants could exchange large amounts of goods. In 1346 the bubonic plague, a fatal disease, swept through Europe killing one third of the population. 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Running Out Of Time, My Life Essay - 2295 Words

Running out of Time, â€Å"My Life† This paper explores the different themes of development throughout the lifespan and challenges of a character in a movie. Theories of development have varied over time as well as the approach taken by each of the developmental theorist. This paper will examine Freud, Erickson Piaget and XXX theories and how they apply to the development of the individual as he transitions through stages of his life and how they can be beneficial during counseling and interventions. Movie Overview The movie (My Life, 1993) starts with Bob Jones (Michael Keaton) figuring out how to operate a video camera to record himself. He then set the stage for what is happening, stating he was formally known as Bob Ivanovich and that he is dying from cancer. He understands death will happen to everyone at any time and as he states it â€Å"the tricky part here is not that I’m supposed to be dying, but that your about to be born† (Rubin Zucker, 1993). 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Management of Organizational Issues and Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Management of Organizational Issues and Perspectives. Answer: Introduction: The elected business organization for this project is the Al Habtoor group. The Al Habtoor Group has developed in the United Arab Emirates. The association has earned itself a strong notoriety both locally and universally because of the vision of its Chairman, Khalaf Ahmad Al Habtoor. It was begun as a little building firm in 1970, is today one of the area's most regarded combinations with interests in the accommodation, car, land, training and distributed segments (Group 2016). The Al Habtoor Group is one of the UAE's most regarded and effective organizations. It utilizes a huge number of exceptionally qualified, experienced experts. Today it works in the UAE and global markets. Pretty much as the name of the UAE has ended up synonymous with exchange and venture everywhere throughout the world, the name of the Al Habtoor Group has gotten to be synonymous with element development, prove by its dedication to create and develop organizations in various parts (Group 2016). Issues within the organization: The fundamental issue which a large portion of the organizations is confronting in United Arab Emirates and particularly the Al Habtoor Group is confronting is the issue of work of the ostracize Workers. These exile specialists are having a place basically from the nations, for example, India, Pakistan, and Philippines. They move from their nation of origin to different places looking for the work and business. Furthermore, clearly the principle reason is the remuneration which they get much higher in our nation UAE. These individuals for all time get settled here and afterward work for some associations. This makes issues for our national hopefuls as they get less presentation than those of profoundly qualified specialized architect graduates, administration understudies, and confirmation holders (Forstenlechner et al. 2012). This is the significant issue thinking of the Al Habtoor Group and on having discussion with the HR Head of the organization; it was discover that they have attempted and are even constantly attempting to meet the challenges emerging with the situation of exiles, with extraordinary accentuation on the legitimate issues connected with them. Keeping up Staff Motivation and Engagement: This is another top test decided and the territory where the HR of the UAE associations ought to play a lead part. With the guide of non monetary rewards, for example, acknowledgment, expert and profession development openings, HR gives a feeling of significance inside workers and had not been seen and caught inside UAE associations (Afiouni et al. 2014). Reliance on Expatriate Workers: The whole locale confronts another basic test of their reliance on exile specialists. The populace inside the Emirates is rising constantly attributable to the expanding number of ostracize workforce settling down in the nation and human asset is required to keep up national personality inside associations (Vassilopoulou et al. 2015). Challenges relating to Islamic Prescription: A few difficulties are rising in the region of disagreements of Islamic solution with those of western human asset establishments. It is trusted that Islamic perspectives are valuable to defend social and human worries inside the association (LLC 2016). Rationale behind the selection of the organization: In UAE, the major issue has been found in the organizations is the problem regarding the management of the Human Resources. UAE associations stresses upon the need to address the prerequisite of frameworks and procedures and data and additionally gifted experts for the usage of human technique. The human asset should work cooperatively with the senior administration for defining human asset techniques. Taking this organization for this project would be able to give an opportunity for finding an effective solution for the overall human resource management in the region. Suggested improvements: By utilizing virtual classrooms, topic specialists can bestow preparing from a meeting room and national representatives go to the session from their particular branches/areas. This consolidates the benefits of separation learning for national representatives while encouraging opportune conveyance of preparing without interruption of work process. Preparing Academy can be made the cutting edge to convey preparing projects to meeting continuous advancement needs of national representatives over ostracizes and to inspire ability over the organization overall. There are new Gain Sharing Programs which are frequently utilized as a part of the organizations to enhance the execution of the workers. Use of an effective Human Resource Management System can be used by the organization. This will give them the opportunity of managing the human resources with the help of the innovative technology of the information system. The system should have three main aspects: the process perspective, the event perspective and the cultural perspective. References: Afiouni, F., Rul, H. and Schuler, R., 2014. HRM in the Middle East: toward a greater understanding.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), pp.133-143. Forstenlechner, I., Madi, M.T., Selim, H.M. and Rutledge, E.J., 2012. Emiratisation: determining the factors that influence the recruitment decisions of employers in the UAE.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(2), pp.406-421. Group, A. 2016. Al Habtoor Group. [online] Habtoor.com. Available at: https://www.habtoor.com/en/ [Accessed 6 Nov. 2016]. LLC, A. 2016. Al Habtoor Group LLC: Private Company Information - Businessweek. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20704386 [Accessed 6 Nov. 2016]. Marchon, C. and Toledo, H., 2014. Re-thinking employment quotas in the UAE.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(16), pp.2253-2274. Vassilopoulou, J., Tatli, A., Ozbilgin, M., Pinnington, A.H. and Alshamsi, A.M., 2015. Identifying Effective Talent Management Policies and Practices in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Comparative Political and Economic Perspectives on the MENA Region, p.292.

Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine Essay Example

Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine Essay We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude towards Shri Jagarnath Orav (Senior Manager, IMM) for guiding us and giving us his invaluable and precious time.He directed us to learn about the machines, which were new to us. Without his help and support the completion of this project would have been a very difficult task. We would also like to thank our instructor Shri Satish Kumar Dubey who helped us enormously throughout. We would also like to thank Shri J. C. Sharma and Shri Suresh Nema (HRDC) for helping us in the allocation of appropriate departments and in a hundred little ways.Thanking the dedicated officials and staff of Steam Turbine Department, we would like to make a special mention of Shri Anand Dubey, Shri Sudipto, Shri Sumesh for giving us practical knowledge and day to day utility of the subject. We would also like to thank Shri R. B. Patil (AGM, Steam Turbine) for providing his constant help and support. Last but not the least, we would like to thank BHEL for provid ing us the platform to enhance our practical knowledge. APOORV MOHAN SHRIVASTAV (REG NO- 100934207) MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , MANIPAL, KARNATAKA- 576104 Station : BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) * Centre : Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) * Duration: 4th July 2013 to 31st July 2013 * Date of submission : 31st July 2013 * Title of the project : Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine. * Name of student: Apoorv Mohan Shrivastav * Discipline: B. E.Automobile Engineering Name of expert Designation Shri Jagarnath Orav, Senior Manager, Industrial Machine Manufacturing Division, BHEL, Bhopal Key words : Rotor, Inner Casing, Outer Casing, Blades ABSTRACT The basic aim of the project is to understand the working and assembly of steam turbine. The project lays stress on high pressure module of the steam turbine. For this, BHEL has provided us a platform to visually understand the assembly of Parli Project, which is undergoing in the shop unit. It basically consists of inner c asing, outer casing, blades and rotor. The principle used in steam turbine is the temperature entropy curve.High pressure module is coupled with intermediate pressure module which is coupled with low pressure module which is further connected to boiler. High pressure part is in turn connected to condenser and generator and hence is used in the production of electricity. The Parli project in BHEL Bhopal of high pressure module of steam turbine is based on barrel system and hence all assembly is done vertically. Time taken is approximated to be around 25 days. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? FOREWORD ? BHEL(Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is country’s premier Engineering organization and one of the Navratna PSUs which provides world class roducts and services in Power Transportation , Transmission and electronics sectors having manufacturing and services division spread all over the country and also across 70 countries around the world. The headquarters of BHEL is located in New Delhi . BHEL is currently 12th largest electrical products manufacturer in the world. Main manufacturing units of BHEL are located in India at Haridwar, Bhopal ,Hyderabad, Tiruchirapalli, Jhansi, Ranipet, Bangalore, Jagdishpur, Rudrapur, Goindwal and Vizag, besides these several ancillary and feeder units of BHEL are spread all across the country.Currently BHEL has manufacturing capability up to 15000MW per annum, in India BHEL is responsible for generation of 75% of country? s total power. BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) came to existence on 29th August, 1956 in Bhopal ,in collaboration with a vision of making India self-sufficient in its power needs . Heavy Electrical Plant Bhopal is the mother plant of the Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. BHEL Bhopal has its own laboratories for material testing, the laboratories are accredited with ISO 17025 by NABL, and material testing labs come under TSD (Technical Services Division) of BHEL, Bhopal.The Ultra High Voltage labs, Electric Ca libration labs are highly advanced and one of the best in South Asia. ? INTRODUCTION History BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and one of the largest engineering and manufacturing companies in India in terms of turnover. Established in 1964, BHEL ushered in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India a dream that has been more than realized with a well-recognized track record of performance. The company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and paying dividends since 1976-77.BHEL is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil amp; Gas and Defence. The company has 15 manufacturing divisions, two repair units, four regional offices, eight service centres, eight overseas offices and 15 regiona l centres and currently operates at more than 150 project sites across India and abroad.The company places strong emphasis on innovation and creative development of new technologies. The company has realized the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p. a. of power equipment, enabling to address growing demand for power generation equipment. Achievements Most of the manufacturing units and other entities have been accredited to Quality Management Systems (ISO9001:2008), Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001:2004) and Occupational Health amp; Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001:2007).BHEL, where Quality Systems as per ISO-9000 have taken deep roots has made significant achievements in the CII Exim Award Scheme for Business Excellence by securing ‘Commendation for Significant Achievements in TQM’ for three of its manufacturing units and one power sector-region during 2011-12. Power Generation In Power generation segment, BHEL is the largest manufacturer in India supplyi ng a wide range of products and systems for thermal, nuclear, gas and hydro-based utility and captive power plants. BHEL has the capability to execute power projects on turnkey/EPC basis from concept-to-commissioning.BHEL supplies steam turbines, generators, boilers and matching auxiliaries up to 800 MW ratings, including sets of 660/700/800 MW based on supercritical technology. BHEL has facilities to go up to 1000 MW unit size. To make efficient use of high ash content coal available in India, BHEL also supplies circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boilers for thermal plants. BHEL is the only Indian company capable of manufacturing large-size gas-based power plant equipment, comprising of advanced-class gas turbines up to 289 MW (ISO) rating .A 500-MW boiler drum made by BHEL being sent to an NTPC unit Industries BHEL is a leading manufacturer of a variety of Industrial Systems amp; Products to meet the demand of a number of industries, like metallurgical, mining, cement, pa per, fertilizers, refineries amp; petro-chemicals etc. besides Captive and Industrial utilities. BHEL has supplied systems and individual products including a large number of co-generation Captive power plants, Centrifugal compressors, Drive Turbines, Industrial boilers and auxiliaries etc. TransportationMost of the trains of Indian Railways, whether electric or diesel powered, are equipped with BHEL’s traction propulsion system and controls. The range includes traction motors, traction generators/alternators, transformers, substation equipment. The systems supplied are both with the conventional DC and state-of–the-art AC drives. India’s first underground metro at Kolkata runs on drives and controls supplied by BHEL. In the last financial year 2012-2013, BHEL signed a MoU with the Indian Railways for setting up Greenfield coach factory for mainline electric multiple systems. Electric Locomotive (25 kV AC, Type WAG 7)Renewable Energy In conformity with its conce rn for the environment, BHEL has been contributing to the national effort for developing and promoting renewable energy based products on a sustained basis. With an aim to perform a significant role in National Solar Mission’s proposed target of 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power, BHEL signed an agreement with Abengoa, Spain, a leader in solar projects to provide EPC solutions in CSP Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plant areas. Countrys Largest Diesel Grid-Interactive Solar Power Plant of 760 kWp capacity, commissioned by BHEL at LakshadweepThe company commissioned a 5 MW grid connected Solar Photovoltaic Plant for KPCL at Mandya, Karnataka and highest rating SPV Power Plant of orders of 10 MW each from Unachahar and Talcher. Transmission The products manufactured by BHEL include Power transformers, SF6 switchgear; Gas insulated switchgears, Ceramic insulators, etc. BHEL has successfully designed, manufactured and commissioned India’s highest voltage Power Transf ormer of 1200 kV 333 MVA rating at the 1200 kV National Experimental Substation of PGCIL.BHEL is executing the world’s first + 800KV 6,000 MW Ultra High Voltage Multi-Terminal DC Transmission link between North-East and Agra. BHEL has the expertise and extensive on-the job exposure for design and applications relating to Power System Studies and Feasibility Studies etc. 400 kV Substation executed by BHEL for PGCIL Research and Development In the financial year 2012-13, 385 patents were filed- highest ever in a year. The company’s intellectual capital stands at 2170 patents and copyrights. The company has earned 9,643 crore Rupees from in-house developed products and services, 19. 3% of the turnover of the company.In conformity with engineering and technology objective, the Corporate R;amp;D Division at Hyderabad leads BHEL’s research efforts using emerging technologies to offer state-of-the-art total engineering solutions. Research and product development center s at each of the manufacturing divisions play a complementary role. In order to facilitate advanced R;amp;D activities in focused areas with state-of-the-art facilities and specialized manpower, BHEL has TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Foreword†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Introduc tion( About BHEL)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Introduction to steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 History of Steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 How did it all start? 13 What made Steam Turbine so different?. 13 What were the first steam turbines used for?. 14 Steam Turbine Basics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Types of Steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Impulse Turbine Mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Reaction Turbine Mechansim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Principle of working†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Project Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Aim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Major components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Minor components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 22 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Outer Casing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 Inner C asing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 Rotor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 Time Line†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Departments Visited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 References†¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 Introduction to Steam Turbine A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Definitions of steam turbine: * A turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn * A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion.Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. * A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate rotational energy. Today, normally used in power stations. * A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler) into mechanical power which can then be used to generate e lectricity. * Equipment unit flown through by steam, used to convert the energy of the steam into rotational energy. A machine for generating mechanical power in rotary motion from the energy of steam at temperature and pressure above that of an available sink.By far the most widely used and most powerful turbines are those driven by steam. Until the 1960s essentially all steam used in turbine cycles was raised in boilers burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) or, in minor quantities, certain waste products. However, modern turbine technology includes nuclear steam plants as well as production of steam supplies from other sources. The illustration shows a small, simple mechanical-drive turbine of a few horsepower. It illustrates the essential parts for all steam turbines regardless of rating or complexity: 1) A casing, or shell, usually divided at the horizontal centre line, with the halves bolted together for ease of assembly and disassembly; it contains the stationary blade sys tem; (2) A rotor carrying the moving buckets (blades or vanes) either on wheels or drums, with bearing journals on the ends of the rotor; (3) A set of bearings attached to the casing to support the shaft; (4) A governor and valve system for regulating the speed and power of the turbine by controlling the steam flow, and an oil system for lubrication of the bearings and, on all but the smallest machines, for operating the control valves by a relay system connected with the governor; (5) A coupling to connect with the driven machine; and (6) Pipe connections to the steam supply at the inlet and to an exhaust system at the outlet of the casing or shell. Steam turbines are ideal prime movers for driving machines requiring rotational mechanical input power. A History of Steam TurbinesThe Steam Turbine is one of the most important inventions in the world, as far as engineering is concerned! Steam turbines are devices that convert the mechanical energy of high pressure steam or water vapor , into electrical energy by the use of a generator. How Did It All Start ? Ever since the industrial revolution in Britain, focus shifted on completion of work automatically. This basically meant the use of resources such as coal to produce heat or thermal energy to evaporate water to steam, that could in turn be used to do useful work such as producing motion or performing industrial tasks like lifting (pneumatics), which were otherwise difficult to perform by direct human effort.The invention of the steam engine by James Watt saw the viable use of steam as a working fluid, and hence, the steam turbine was invented and improved upon, based on the same line of thought. What Made Steam Turbines So Different? The steam turbine revolutionized the power production industry, and the steam turbine literally changed the world in a matter of a few years! Steam turbines effectively converted mechanical energy into electrical energy and the processes used initially were also easy to manage, i n spite of having great room for improvement, which was later done by other engineers and scientists anyway. While the steam engine focused on using steam to rotate the wheels of the train or car, the steam turbine worked to rotate the blades of a windmill like structure (the turbine itself) by rotating its blades.Fundamentally, they are pretty much alike, but instead of generating motion alone, turbines generated electricity, which is easy to store, transport and share. Electricity could be used to perform a wide range of tasks that were not necessarily mechanical in nature, such as lighting bulbs and providing heat! This was the main reason that propelled steam turbines to become the prime focus of engineers of the time. What Were The First Steam Turbines Used For? Though you may find it quite unbelievable, initially the steam turbine was a mere toy, used by the ancient Egyptians! Later on, the steam turbine was used to rotate cooking aids such as spits, also in Egypt.Steam turbin es have, as you can see, long been used to do useful work. However, the main focus of scientists and engineers after the industrial revolution was the use of steam turbines to produce electricity by moving the armature arms of the electrical generator. Putting it technically, the generator armature is rotated due to the rotary motion of the turbine, which is in turn because of the force of the impending steam on the turbine blades. Steam Turbines were then used in producing motion, though only for a short period of time. Steam turbines were used in ships to propel them forward more efficiently, and this was also an area of high interest. Steam Turbines BasicsThough Steam Turbines might sound like a technical term, most of the things we do every day would be impossible to do without this wonderful technology in power generation. Nature does not have sockets from where power plants pull out electricity to run your laptop or charge your iPod! Energy needs to be converted to electricity or electrical energy, from its natural occurrences. Steam Turbines are devices that help in the production of electricity, by converting mechanical energy into useful electrical energy! The Steam Turbine was invented by Parson, more than a century ago, and it has gone through numerous changes to become an effective power generator in todays power plants. A large percentage of worlds power generation is achieved using steam turbines.The advantage of power generation using steam turbines are The physical properties of steam (used as energy source for the turbines) are predictable at various pressures ;amp; temperatures and are constant across the globe. The Steam turbine designs are scalable, and can be design to suit any application. A Steam turbine separates the energy source and electrical power generation, making it compatible with various sources of fuels as feedstock (Coal, biomass, Municipal Waste, Gas), unlike a gas turbine, gas engine, diesel sets etc. Combined heat and powe r can be handled by steam turbines effectively, making it a widely used mode of power generation in process industry.By virtue of its operational characteristics (starting time and reliability) these turbines suits better, catering to the base load operation in modern power systems. Basic Types of Steam Turbines The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse turbine and the impulse reaction turbine. The Impulse Turbine: The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set of rotor blades which rotate to produce the rotary power. The high pressure steam flows through the fixed blades, which are nothing but nozzles, and undergo a decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to kinetic energy to give the steam high velocity levels. This high velocity steam strikes the moving blades or rotor and causes them to rotate.The fixed blades do not completely convert all the pressure energy of the steam to kinetic energy, hence there is som e residual pressure energy associated with the steam on exit. Therefore the efficiency of this turbine is very limited as compared to the next turbine we are going to review- the reaction turbine or impulse reaction turbine. The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It involved striking of the blades by a stream or a jet of high pressure steam, which caused the blades of the turbine to rotate. The direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis of the blade. It was realized that the impulse turbine was not very efficient and required high pressures, which is also quite difficult to maintain.The impulse turbine has nozzles that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam before letting it strike the blades. Impulse turbine mechanism Impulse turbine Mechanism deals with the Impulse force action-reaction. As we all know the Newton 3rd law of motion, Every action has equal and opposite reaction, the same is work on this. As the water fall on the blade of the rotor it generate the impact force on the blade surface, The blade tends to give the same reaction to the fluid, but the rotor is attached to the rotating assembly, it absorb the force impact and give the reaction in the direction of the fluid flow. Thus the whole turbine rotates.The rotation speed of the turbine depends on the fluid velocity, more the fluid velocity, greater the rotation speed, and greater the speed means more power generation. The Reaction Turbine: The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the reaction of the steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving blades or the rotors here are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically designed for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure while moving through the rotor as well. Therefore in this turbine the pressure drops occur not only in the fixed blades, but a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well.This is the reason why this turbine is more efficient a s the exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the conversion is more. The velocity drop between the fixed blades and moving blades is almost zero, and the main velocity drop occurs only in the rotor stage. * Reaction Turbine mechanism In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzle Reaction Turbines. In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor. Principle of working * Steam turbine is one of the oldest turbo-machinery (rotating machine) deployed as a prime mover for large and continuous power generation. It converts heat energy (enthalpy) into kinetic energy (rotational energy).Whereas the generator converts Mechanical energy into Electrical energy. * Steam power generation operates on the basic thermodynamic cycle, known as Rankine Cycle. * 1 to 2: Isentropic expansion (Steam turbine) : The high pressure, high temperature steam is admitted into a steam turbine, where it expands and imparts energy to the moving blades. The pressure and temperature of steam drops as it exits the turbine. * 2 to 3: Isobaric heat rejection (Condenser) : The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed into water and feed into the boiler to again to raise superheated steam. And the cycle continues. * 3 to 4: Isentropic compression (Pump) : Water is pumped to a boiler at a higher pressure. 4 to 1: Isobaric heat supply (Boiler) : Water is converted to superheated steam through a heat transfer process. * The overall operation of the steam power plant is represented by a Heat and Mass Balance Diagram * Steam Turbines consist of a casing around th e moving set of blades assembled on a rotor; that contains and controls the flow of steam. This steam is feed through an elaborate arrangement of steam inlet valves assembled over steam chest, mounted on the upper half of the casing. * The profile of the moving blades mounted on the rotor and nozzles (stationery blades) mounted on a diaphragms inside the top and bottom half casing are so designed to minimize the losses and maximize the work extraction from the steam flow. PROJECT REPORT AIM:The project aims at providing thorough information about the assembly of high pressure module of Steam Turbine of the Parli Project. It also provides a basic understanding of the working of the steam turbine, the major components which are required for its construction and the processes involved in the assembly. Components: Major Components – * Outer Casing * Inner casing * Top Half * Bottom Half * Rotor * Blades Minor Components: Support Ring | Thrust ring | U-Sealing ring | Screw Grub sl otted | Angle ring | threaded ring | Stud | cap nut | Wrench | screw set | handle | Plate | screw hex | holding ring | parallel key | thrust pad | disc | Pin | Sealing ring | stud bolt | Nipple | Sleeve | plug for M24 | Technological plate | aper pin | guide column | sealing strip | shaft sealing cover | Washer | lock nut | caulking wire | square wire | lock washer | | REQUIREMENTS: DIFFERENT MACHINES USED FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINE IN BHEL, BHOPAL MACHINE NO. 20/A/67 This is a vertical boring machine. This is used for cutting inner diameter and outer diameter. It can also be used for chamfering. It is used for making many parts of rotor. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2018 This is a vertical borer. It is used for the production of the ring . This machine was used for decreasing the thickness of the ring used for the Parle project. It can also be used for performing ‘turning’ and ‘facing’ operations.This ring is used for holding the rotor during transportation to ensure its safety. It is a temporary component essential for easy and safe transportation of rotor of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 20/A/68 This is a vertical boring and turning machine. It is used for the production of U-Sealing ring of steam turbine. This U-Sealing ring is one of the major components of the outer casing. This is of great importance because it helps to fit properly the inner casing inside the outer casing to prevent the escape of steam. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2016 This is used for the facing of the big block of iron. This big iron block can be further used for making any part of lesser dimension of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 0/A/2087 This is a Plano milling machine. This is used for surfacing operation. It helped in the production of Parli HP Inner casing. It can also perform operations like angle cutting and face cutting. This is one of the oldest machines of BHEL, Bhopal. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2080 This is a drilling and boring machine. This is used for manufacturing dowell pi n which is one of the components of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 20/A/71 This is a shroud machine. This is used for planning of the blades of the steam turbine to make them smooth and give them an overall finish. It helps further for proper aligning of the rotor and for the smooth passage of the steam.Apart from this several other machines were used for manufacturing many other small components. These components are like breach nut, holding ring, inner ring etc. METHADOLOGY: The assembly process was as follows – 1. The basic design of the outer casing was prepared in the foundry shop and was received in the Steam Turbine Manufacturing Shop (STM) 2. Some basic machining operations were done on the outer casing. This included – shaping, planning and edge cutting. 3. The outer casing has 2 inlets and 1 outlet. Many small components such as breach nut, sealing fin and sealing rings are fit to ensure that there is no leakage of steam at the inlets as well as the outlet. 4. Ba rrel system is followed.In this, the outer casing is mounted vertically on a stand and all the components are fixed after that. 5. The outer casing is made as a single entity. This is because of the High pressure steam inside it. The single entity structure makes it sturdier and more resistive to breakage. 6. It is a casted structure and the primary function is to prevent the leakage of steam and to prevent any external damages to the turbine. 7. The inner casing is made in two halves – the top and the bottom half. 8. Both of them are exactly of the same shape and size. 9. HP turbine casings are of double design type, based on the steam pressure and temperature at which the turbine will operate and the application for which the turbine was designed. 10.In the steam inlet plane the inner casing is axially fixed to the outer casing at the level of the flange. The inner casing is also supported laterally by sliding keys at the flange level. At the steam inlet end, centring is ac hieved by keys located in the upper and lower parts. At the exhaust end, centring is accomplished by a centring bolt. 11. The outer and inner casing is made of cast steel. Pre-stressed bolts hold the upper and lower casings together at the centre line. 12. The flange design is such that it ensures complete tightness of the joint without the need for sealing materials. 13. The inner casing has grooves for fitting the blades. The size of the blades is based on the capacity of the turbine. 14.Parli Project was of 250MW. The blades are fitted separately on each half of the inner casing. 15. It was a 25 stage module. That is the number of rings of blades to fixed on the casing was 25. Initially, the blades are hammered and fixed up to a certain mark. 16. Then, some blades are kept for testing. These loose blades are required to see whether all of the blades have been fixed as required. 17. The extra portion of the two end blades in each ring is shredded from each of the loose blades part ly. This is done so that the blades and the side surface of the casing are on the same level. 18. This is necessary for the two halves to fit together.There is a test called Blue Matching: Paint is applied on the surface of one of the casing. And its impression is taken on the other half. The place where there is no impression is machined and is made plane. 19. After the blades are fixed, the inner casing is sent for shroud machining. Shroud machining makes sure that blades are uniform, i. e. all the blades are on the same height vertically. 20. Then the casing is sent for other machining and finishing operations. Testing is done. The inner surface of the casing is checked for planarity. 21. Hydraulic Test : Water at pressure is filled inside the casing to see if there is any leakage. The pressure is checked periodically and if it remains the same the casing is ready. 2. The rotor also has 25 stages. The blades of the rotor are closed on both ends. They are not free. These blades ar e also known as rotatory blades. 23. They are fit with the help of cocking pins. The size of the blades increases from inlet towards the outlet as the volume of the steam increases. 24. After the blades are fixed on the rotor, the rotor is sent for over speed balancing. 25. Over speed Balancing: The rotor is rotated at a higher speed than the normal. 125% of the normal speed (3000rpm). The over speed balancing is done at the Banglore plant. 26. After the rotor comes back, it is aligned with the lower half of the inner casing. 27.The alignment is very important as the blades of the rotor should rotate exactly between the blades of the inner casing. 28. Also, the rotor should not vibrate along its position laterally or axially. These tests are called Axial Run out check and Radial Run out check. 29. The rotor is checked manually for any movement axially and radially. 30. The gap between the blades of the rotor and the casing has a certain tolerance level and this gap should be more th an 0. 8mm 31. The top half of inner casing is then fixed on the lower half with the help of bolts and nuts. 32. The tightening is done with the help of a machine. The two halves are fixed together with the help of 20 nuts and bolts. 3. This assembly of inner casing and rotor fitted inside it is ready to be fixed into the outer casing 34. Cranes are used to lift the inner casing. A U sealing ring ensures that inner casing fits perfectly