Essay on A New England Town the First Hundred Years

Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1970) Many historical texts about the American Revolution and the events leading up to it are generalized, unspecific and do not investigate the preliminary causes of the changes America underwent before the Revolution. However, A New England Town by Professor Kenneth Lockridge attempts to describe how the colonies in America developed by following the progress of a typical Puritan colonial town, Dedham, Massachusetts, from its inception in 1636 through its first one hundred years. It is Lockridge’s belief that colonial history can be better learned through thoroughly examining one specific town instead of shallowly studying many.†¦show more content†¦In the first, Dedham’s founders strive to create the perfect covenant that will shape the town into a vision of social perfection and emphasize that â€Å"the foundation whereof is everlasting love† (5). Once a specific number of townsmen were selected by the founders and all committed to the covenant, they a ssigned plots of land to each of the thirty settlers and painstakingly began to create a strict, selective and flawless church. Next, the town elects selectmen who act as the judge and jury when rare conflicts arise between neighbors or citizens. Dedham was growing in population until laws involving the church became too strict, loopholes were created in communal obligation laws and influential and experienced leaders retired or passed away. The perfected balance of Dedham was slowly tipping, and decline was evident. In the following section, Dedham begins to rebuild and expand significantly. The infrequent town meetings quickly gave way to numerous, drawn-out gatherings and eventually led to a more powerful government instead of a balance between the selectmen and townsmen. Later, sections of the land grant that were left undeveloped in the town’s first fifty years were now getting developed into farmland and inhabited by townsmen looking to expand. Eventually six dif ferent divisions were created. After the towns were built in each division, churches were created, and Dedham’s valued unity was nearly nonexistent. Similarly, a subtle development ofShow MoreRelatedThe Hundred Years War Essays1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hundred Years War After the Crusades, trade began to revive in Italy, largely because neither trade nor towns had declined as much there as elsewhere. As trade grew in other countries, fairs were set up as places where merchants could exchange large amounts of goods. In 1346 the bubonic plague, a fatal disease, swept through Europe killing one third of the population. The Hundred Years’ War, which began in 1337 and was between England and France, brought important developments to EuropeanRead MoreJoan of Arc and the Siege of Orleans Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, the city of Orleans was besieged by English forces. The 5000 English soldiers lead by Thomas de Montecute, attacked for months. Around this time, Joan of Arc Appeared in at the court of Charles, and lifted the siege in 1429. This was the major turning point for the French in the war. The events leading up to the Siege of Orleans were mainly victories for the English. The French were attacking land which King Edward III, the king of England, ownedRead MoreAnalysis Of Blue Hills Of Massachusetts By Katherine E. Mullen969 Words   |  4 PagesFor hundreds of years, the human have written different types of literature. Regional literature is one of these. Regional literature is also known as local color or Regionalism. 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Running Out Of Time, My Life Essay - 2295 Words

Running out of Time, â€Å"My Life† This paper explores the different themes of development throughout the lifespan and challenges of a character in a movie. Theories of development have varied over time as well as the approach taken by each of the developmental theorist. This paper will examine Freud, Erickson Piaget and XXX theories and how they apply to the development of the individual as he transitions through stages of his life and how they can be beneficial during counseling and interventions. Movie Overview The movie (My Life, 1993) starts with Bob Jones (Michael Keaton) figuring out how to operate a video camera to record himself. He then set the stage for what is happening, stating he was formally known as Bob Ivanovich and that he is dying from cancer. He understands death will happen to everyone at any time and as he states it â€Å"the tricky part here is not that I’m supposed to be dying, but that your about to be born† (Rubin Zucker, 1993). In 1963, Detroit, Michigan, Bob Ivanovich as a young boy prays to a star for a circus in his backyard. The next day at school, he tells everyone there will be a circus in his back yard after school. Rushing home, with his friends directly behind him only to find out there was no circus. Thirty years later, happily married to Gail (Nicole Kidman), who is pregnant with their first child and he has become a high-powered executive in a public relations firm. He then learns that his kidney cancer had spread into his lungs and only hasShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of An Ambulance Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstood the rationale behind my fear of ambulances. I’m not sure if it was the loud prolonged sound or the site of this big â€Å"truck like† object with all the unfamiliar medical equipment that frightened me. 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Management of Organizational Issues and Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Management of Organizational Issues and Perspectives. Answer: Introduction: The elected business organization for this project is the Al Habtoor group. The Al Habtoor Group has developed in the United Arab Emirates. The association has earned itself a strong notoriety both locally and universally because of the vision of its Chairman, Khalaf Ahmad Al Habtoor. It was begun as a little building firm in 1970, is today one of the area's most regarded combinations with interests in the accommodation, car, land, training and distributed segments (Group 2016). The Al Habtoor Group is one of the UAE's most regarded and effective organizations. It utilizes a huge number of exceptionally qualified, experienced experts. Today it works in the UAE and global markets. Pretty much as the name of the UAE has ended up synonymous with exchange and venture everywhere throughout the world, the name of the Al Habtoor Group has gotten to be synonymous with element development, prove by its dedication to create and develop organizations in various parts (Group 2016). Issues within the organization: The fundamental issue which a large portion of the organizations is confronting in United Arab Emirates and particularly the Al Habtoor Group is confronting is the issue of work of the ostracize Workers. These exile specialists are having a place basically from the nations, for example, India, Pakistan, and Philippines. They move from their nation of origin to different places looking for the work and business. Furthermore, clearly the principle reason is the remuneration which they get much higher in our nation UAE. These individuals for all time get settled here and afterward work for some associations. This makes issues for our national hopefuls as they get less presentation than those of profoundly qualified specialized architect graduates, administration understudies, and confirmation holders (Forstenlechner et al. 2012). This is the significant issue thinking of the Al Habtoor Group and on having discussion with the HR Head of the organization; it was discover that they have attempted and are even constantly attempting to meet the challenges emerging with the situation of exiles, with extraordinary accentuation on the legitimate issues connected with them. Keeping up Staff Motivation and Engagement: This is another top test decided and the territory where the HR of the UAE associations ought to play a lead part. With the guide of non monetary rewards, for example, acknowledgment, expert and profession development openings, HR gives a feeling of significance inside workers and had not been seen and caught inside UAE associations (Afiouni et al. 2014). Reliance on Expatriate Workers: The whole locale confronts another basic test of their reliance on exile specialists. The populace inside the Emirates is rising constantly attributable to the expanding number of ostracize workforce settling down in the nation and human asset is required to keep up national personality inside associations (Vassilopoulou et al. 2015). Challenges relating to Islamic Prescription: A few difficulties are rising in the region of disagreements of Islamic solution with those of western human asset establishments. It is trusted that Islamic perspectives are valuable to defend social and human worries inside the association (LLC 2016). Rationale behind the selection of the organization: In UAE, the major issue has been found in the organizations is the problem regarding the management of the Human Resources. UAE associations stresses upon the need to address the prerequisite of frameworks and procedures and data and additionally gifted experts for the usage of human technique. The human asset should work cooperatively with the senior administration for defining human asset techniques. Taking this organization for this project would be able to give an opportunity for finding an effective solution for the overall human resource management in the region. Suggested improvements: By utilizing virtual classrooms, topic specialists can bestow preparing from a meeting room and national representatives go to the session from their particular branches/areas. This consolidates the benefits of separation learning for national representatives while encouraging opportune conveyance of preparing without interruption of work process. Preparing Academy can be made the cutting edge to convey preparing projects to meeting continuous advancement needs of national representatives over ostracizes and to inspire ability over the organization overall. There are new Gain Sharing Programs which are frequently utilized as a part of the organizations to enhance the execution of the workers. Use of an effective Human Resource Management System can be used by the organization. This will give them the opportunity of managing the human resources with the help of the innovative technology of the information system. The system should have three main aspects: the process perspective, the event perspective and the cultural perspective. References: Afiouni, F., Rul, H. and Schuler, R., 2014. HRM in the Middle East: toward a greater understanding.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), pp.133-143. Forstenlechner, I., Madi, M.T., Selim, H.M. and Rutledge, E.J., 2012. Emiratisation: determining the factors that influence the recruitment decisions of employers in the UAE.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(2), pp.406-421. Group, A. 2016. Al Habtoor Group. [online] Habtoor.com. Available at: https://www.habtoor.com/en/ [Accessed 6 Nov. 2016]. LLC, A. 2016. Al Habtoor Group LLC: Private Company Information - Businessweek. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20704386 [Accessed 6 Nov. 2016]. Marchon, C. and Toledo, H., 2014. Re-thinking employment quotas in the UAE.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(16), pp.2253-2274. Vassilopoulou, J., Tatli, A., Ozbilgin, M., Pinnington, A.H. and Alshamsi, A.M., 2015. Identifying Effective Talent Management Policies and Practices in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Comparative Political and Economic Perspectives on the MENA Region, p.292.

Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine Essay Example

Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine Essay We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude towards Shri Jagarnath Orav (Senior Manager, IMM) for guiding us and giving us his invaluable and precious time.He directed us to learn about the machines, which were new to us. Without his help and support the completion of this project would have been a very difficult task. We would also like to thank our instructor Shri Satish Kumar Dubey who helped us enormously throughout. We would also like to thank Shri J. C. Sharma and Shri Suresh Nema (HRDC) for helping us in the allocation of appropriate departments and in a hundred little ways.Thanking the dedicated officials and staff of Steam Turbine Department, we would like to make a special mention of Shri Anand Dubey, Shri Sudipto, Shri Sumesh for giving us practical knowledge and day to day utility of the subject. We would also like to thank Shri R. B. Patil (AGM, Steam Turbine) for providing his constant help and support. Last but not the least, we would like to thank BHEL for provid ing us the platform to enhance our practical knowledge. APOORV MOHAN SHRIVASTAV (REG NO- 100934207) MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , MANIPAL, KARNATAKA- 576104 Station : BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) * Centre : Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) * Duration: 4th July 2013 to 31st July 2013 * Date of submission : 31st July 2013 * Title of the project : Assembly of High Pressure Module of Steam Turbine. * Name of student: Apoorv Mohan Shrivastav * Discipline: B. E.Automobile Engineering Name of expert Designation Shri Jagarnath Orav, Senior Manager, Industrial Machine Manufacturing Division, BHEL, Bhopal Key words : Rotor, Inner Casing, Outer Casing, Blades ABSTRACT The basic aim of the project is to understand the working and assembly of steam turbine. The project lays stress on high pressure module of the steam turbine. For this, BHEL has provided us a platform to visually understand the assembly of Parli Project, which is undergoing in the shop unit. It basically consists of inner c asing, outer casing, blades and rotor. The principle used in steam turbine is the temperature entropy curve.High pressure module is coupled with intermediate pressure module which is coupled with low pressure module which is further connected to boiler. High pressure part is in turn connected to condenser and generator and hence is used in the production of electricity. The Parli project in BHEL Bhopal of high pressure module of steam turbine is based on barrel system and hence all assembly is done vertically. Time taken is approximated to be around 25 days. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? FOREWORD ? BHEL(Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is country’s premier Engineering organization and one of the Navratna PSUs which provides world class roducts and services in Power Transportation , Transmission and electronics sectors having manufacturing and services division spread all over the country and also across 70 countries around the world. The headquarters of BHEL is located in New Delhi . BHEL is currently 12th largest electrical products manufacturer in the world. Main manufacturing units of BHEL are located in India at Haridwar, Bhopal ,Hyderabad, Tiruchirapalli, Jhansi, Ranipet, Bangalore, Jagdishpur, Rudrapur, Goindwal and Vizag, besides these several ancillary and feeder units of BHEL are spread all across the country.Currently BHEL has manufacturing capability up to 15000MW per annum, in India BHEL is responsible for generation of 75% of country? s total power. BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) came to existence on 29th August, 1956 in Bhopal ,in collaboration with a vision of making India self-sufficient in its power needs . Heavy Electrical Plant Bhopal is the mother plant of the Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. BHEL Bhopal has its own laboratories for material testing, the laboratories are accredited with ISO 17025 by NABL, and material testing labs come under TSD (Technical Services Division) of BHEL, Bhopal.The Ultra High Voltage labs, Electric Ca libration labs are highly advanced and one of the best in South Asia. ? INTRODUCTION History BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and one of the largest engineering and manufacturing companies in India in terms of turnover. Established in 1964, BHEL ushered in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India a dream that has been more than realized with a well-recognized track record of performance. The company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and paying dividends since 1976-77.BHEL is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Renewable Energy, Oil amp; Gas and Defence. The company has 15 manufacturing divisions, two repair units, four regional offices, eight service centres, eight overseas offices and 15 regiona l centres and currently operates at more than 150 project sites across India and abroad.The company places strong emphasis on innovation and creative development of new technologies. The company has realized the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p. a. of power equipment, enabling to address growing demand for power generation equipment. Achievements Most of the manufacturing units and other entities have been accredited to Quality Management Systems (ISO9001:2008), Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001:2004) and Occupational Health amp; Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001:2007).BHEL, where Quality Systems as per ISO-9000 have taken deep roots has made significant achievements in the CII Exim Award Scheme for Business Excellence by securing ‘Commendation for Significant Achievements in TQM’ for three of its manufacturing units and one power sector-region during 2011-12. Power Generation In Power generation segment, BHEL is the largest manufacturer in India supplyi ng a wide range of products and systems for thermal, nuclear, gas and hydro-based utility and captive power plants. BHEL has the capability to execute power projects on turnkey/EPC basis from concept-to-commissioning.BHEL supplies steam turbines, generators, boilers and matching auxiliaries up to 800 MW ratings, including sets of 660/700/800 MW based on supercritical technology. BHEL has facilities to go up to 1000 MW unit size. To make efficient use of high ash content coal available in India, BHEL also supplies circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boilers for thermal plants. BHEL is the only Indian company capable of manufacturing large-size gas-based power plant equipment, comprising of advanced-class gas turbines up to 289 MW (ISO) rating .A 500-MW boiler drum made by BHEL being sent to an NTPC unit Industries BHEL is a leading manufacturer of a variety of Industrial Systems amp; Products to meet the demand of a number of industries, like metallurgical, mining, cement, pa per, fertilizers, refineries amp; petro-chemicals etc. besides Captive and Industrial utilities. BHEL has supplied systems and individual products including a large number of co-generation Captive power plants, Centrifugal compressors, Drive Turbines, Industrial boilers and auxiliaries etc. TransportationMost of the trains of Indian Railways, whether electric or diesel powered, are equipped with BHEL’s traction propulsion system and controls. The range includes traction motors, traction generators/alternators, transformers, substation equipment. The systems supplied are both with the conventional DC and state-of–the-art AC drives. India’s first underground metro at Kolkata runs on drives and controls supplied by BHEL. In the last financial year 2012-2013, BHEL signed a MoU with the Indian Railways for setting up Greenfield coach factory for mainline electric multiple systems. Electric Locomotive (25 kV AC, Type WAG 7)Renewable Energy In conformity with its conce rn for the environment, BHEL has been contributing to the national effort for developing and promoting renewable energy based products on a sustained basis. With an aim to perform a significant role in National Solar Mission’s proposed target of 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power, BHEL signed an agreement with Abengoa, Spain, a leader in solar projects to provide EPC solutions in CSP Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plant areas. Countrys Largest Diesel Grid-Interactive Solar Power Plant of 760 kWp capacity, commissioned by BHEL at LakshadweepThe company commissioned a 5 MW grid connected Solar Photovoltaic Plant for KPCL at Mandya, Karnataka and highest rating SPV Power Plant of orders of 10 MW each from Unachahar and Talcher. Transmission The products manufactured by BHEL include Power transformers, SF6 switchgear; Gas insulated switchgears, Ceramic insulators, etc. BHEL has successfully designed, manufactured and commissioned India’s highest voltage Power Transf ormer of 1200 kV 333 MVA rating at the 1200 kV National Experimental Substation of PGCIL.BHEL is executing the world’s first + 800KV 6,000 MW Ultra High Voltage Multi-Terminal DC Transmission link between North-East and Agra. BHEL has the expertise and extensive on-the job exposure for design and applications relating to Power System Studies and Feasibility Studies etc. 400 kV Substation executed by BHEL for PGCIL Research and Development In the financial year 2012-13, 385 patents were filed- highest ever in a year. The company’s intellectual capital stands at 2170 patents and copyrights. The company has earned 9,643 crore Rupees from in-house developed products and services, 19. 3% of the turnover of the company.In conformity with engineering and technology objective, the Corporate R;amp;D Division at Hyderabad leads BHEL’s research efforts using emerging technologies to offer state-of-the-art total engineering solutions. Research and product development center s at each of the manufacturing divisions play a complementary role. In order to facilitate advanced R;amp;D activities in focused areas with state-of-the-art facilities and specialized manpower, BHEL has TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Foreword†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Introduc tion( About BHEL)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Introduction to steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 History of Steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 How did it all start? 13 What made Steam Turbine so different?. 13 What were the first steam turbines used for?. 14 Steam Turbine Basics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Types of Steam Turbine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Impulse Turbine Mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Reaction Turbine Mechansim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Principle of working†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Project Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Aim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Major components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Minor components†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 22 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Outer Casing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 Inner C asing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 Rotor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 Time Line†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Departments Visited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 References†¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 Introduction to Steam Turbine A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. Definitions of steam turbine: * A turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn * A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion.Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. * A system of angled and shaped blades arranged on a rotor through which steam is passed to generate rotational energy. Today, normally used in power stations. * A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler) into mechanical power which can then be used to generate e lectricity. * Equipment unit flown through by steam, used to convert the energy of the steam into rotational energy. A machine for generating mechanical power in rotary motion from the energy of steam at temperature and pressure above that of an available sink.By far the most widely used and most powerful turbines are those driven by steam. Until the 1960s essentially all steam used in turbine cycles was raised in boilers burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) or, in minor quantities, certain waste products. However, modern turbine technology includes nuclear steam plants as well as production of steam supplies from other sources. The illustration shows a small, simple mechanical-drive turbine of a few horsepower. It illustrates the essential parts for all steam turbines regardless of rating or complexity: 1) A casing, or shell, usually divided at the horizontal centre line, with the halves bolted together for ease of assembly and disassembly; it contains the stationary blade sys tem; (2) A rotor carrying the moving buckets (blades or vanes) either on wheels or drums, with bearing journals on the ends of the rotor; (3) A set of bearings attached to the casing to support the shaft; (4) A governor and valve system for regulating the speed and power of the turbine by controlling the steam flow, and an oil system for lubrication of the bearings and, on all but the smallest machines, for operating the control valves by a relay system connected with the governor; (5) A coupling to connect with the driven machine; and (6) Pipe connections to the steam supply at the inlet and to an exhaust system at the outlet of the casing or shell. Steam turbines are ideal prime movers for driving machines requiring rotational mechanical input power. A History of Steam TurbinesThe Steam Turbine is one of the most important inventions in the world, as far as engineering is concerned! Steam turbines are devices that convert the mechanical energy of high pressure steam or water vapor , into electrical energy by the use of a generator. How Did It All Start ? Ever since the industrial revolution in Britain, focus shifted on completion of work automatically. This basically meant the use of resources such as coal to produce heat or thermal energy to evaporate water to steam, that could in turn be used to do useful work such as producing motion or performing industrial tasks like lifting (pneumatics), which were otherwise difficult to perform by direct human effort.The invention of the steam engine by James Watt saw the viable use of steam as a working fluid, and hence, the steam turbine was invented and improved upon, based on the same line of thought. What Made Steam Turbines So Different? The steam turbine revolutionized the power production industry, and the steam turbine literally changed the world in a matter of a few years! Steam turbines effectively converted mechanical energy into electrical energy and the processes used initially were also easy to manage, i n spite of having great room for improvement, which was later done by other engineers and scientists anyway. While the steam engine focused on using steam to rotate the wheels of the train or car, the steam turbine worked to rotate the blades of a windmill like structure (the turbine itself) by rotating its blades.Fundamentally, they are pretty much alike, but instead of generating motion alone, turbines generated electricity, which is easy to store, transport and share. Electricity could be used to perform a wide range of tasks that were not necessarily mechanical in nature, such as lighting bulbs and providing heat! This was the main reason that propelled steam turbines to become the prime focus of engineers of the time. What Were The First Steam Turbines Used For? Though you may find it quite unbelievable, initially the steam turbine was a mere toy, used by the ancient Egyptians! Later on, the steam turbine was used to rotate cooking aids such as spits, also in Egypt.Steam turbin es have, as you can see, long been used to do useful work. However, the main focus of scientists and engineers after the industrial revolution was the use of steam turbines to produce electricity by moving the armature arms of the electrical generator. Putting it technically, the generator armature is rotated due to the rotary motion of the turbine, which is in turn because of the force of the impending steam on the turbine blades. Steam Turbines were then used in producing motion, though only for a short period of time. Steam turbines were used in ships to propel them forward more efficiently, and this was also an area of high interest. Steam Turbines BasicsThough Steam Turbines might sound like a technical term, most of the things we do every day would be impossible to do without this wonderful technology in power generation. Nature does not have sockets from where power plants pull out electricity to run your laptop or charge your iPod! Energy needs to be converted to electricity or electrical energy, from its natural occurrences. Steam Turbines are devices that help in the production of electricity, by converting mechanical energy into useful electrical energy! The Steam Turbine was invented by Parson, more than a century ago, and it has gone through numerous changes to become an effective power generator in todays power plants. A large percentage of worlds power generation is achieved using steam turbines.The advantage of power generation using steam turbines are The physical properties of steam (used as energy source for the turbines) are predictable at various pressures ;amp; temperatures and are constant across the globe. The Steam turbine designs are scalable, and can be design to suit any application. A Steam turbine separates the energy source and electrical power generation, making it compatible with various sources of fuels as feedstock (Coal, biomass, Municipal Waste, Gas), unlike a gas turbine, gas engine, diesel sets etc. Combined heat and powe r can be handled by steam turbines effectively, making it a widely used mode of power generation in process industry.By virtue of its operational characteristics (starting time and reliability) these turbines suits better, catering to the base load operation in modern power systems. Basic Types of Steam Turbines The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse turbine and the impulse reaction turbine. The Impulse Turbine: The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set of rotor blades which rotate to produce the rotary power. The high pressure steam flows through the fixed blades, which are nothing but nozzles, and undergo a decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to kinetic energy to give the steam high velocity levels. This high velocity steam strikes the moving blades or rotor and causes them to rotate.The fixed blades do not completely convert all the pressure energy of the steam to kinetic energy, hence there is som e residual pressure energy associated with the steam on exit. Therefore the efficiency of this turbine is very limited as compared to the next turbine we are going to review- the reaction turbine or impulse reaction turbine. The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It involved striking of the blades by a stream or a jet of high pressure steam, which caused the blades of the turbine to rotate. The direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis of the blade. It was realized that the impulse turbine was not very efficient and required high pressures, which is also quite difficult to maintain.The impulse turbine has nozzles that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam before letting it strike the blades. Impulse turbine mechanism Impulse turbine Mechanism deals with the Impulse force action-reaction. As we all know the Newton 3rd law of motion, Every action has equal and opposite reaction, the same is work on this. As the water fall on the blade of the rotor it generate the impact force on the blade surface, The blade tends to give the same reaction to the fluid, but the rotor is attached to the rotating assembly, it absorb the force impact and give the reaction in the direction of the fluid flow. Thus the whole turbine rotates.The rotation speed of the turbine depends on the fluid velocity, more the fluid velocity, greater the rotation speed, and greater the speed means more power generation. The Reaction Turbine: The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the reaction of the steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving blades or the rotors here are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically designed for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure while moving through the rotor as well. Therefore in this turbine the pressure drops occur not only in the fixed blades, but a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well.This is the reason why this turbine is more efficient a s the exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the conversion is more. The velocity drop between the fixed blades and moving blades is almost zero, and the main velocity drop occurs only in the rotor stage. * Reaction Turbine mechanism In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzle Reaction Turbines. In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor. Principle of working * Steam turbine is one of the oldest turbo-machinery (rotating machine) deployed as a prime mover for large and continuous power generation. It converts heat energy (enthalpy) into kinetic energy (rotational energy).Whereas the generator converts Mechanical energy into Electrical energy. * Steam power generation operates on the basic thermodynamic cycle, known as Rankine Cycle. * 1 to 2: Isentropic expansion (Steam turbine) : The high pressure, high temperature steam is admitted into a steam turbine, where it expands and imparts energy to the moving blades. The pressure and temperature of steam drops as it exits the turbine. * 2 to 3: Isobaric heat rejection (Condenser) : The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed into water and feed into the boiler to again to raise superheated steam. And the cycle continues. * 3 to 4: Isentropic compression (Pump) : Water is pumped to a boiler at a higher pressure. 4 to 1: Isobaric heat supply (Boiler) : Water is converted to superheated steam through a heat transfer process. * The overall operation of the steam power plant is represented by a Heat and Mass Balance Diagram * Steam Turbines consist of a casing around th e moving set of blades assembled on a rotor; that contains and controls the flow of steam. This steam is feed through an elaborate arrangement of steam inlet valves assembled over steam chest, mounted on the upper half of the casing. * The profile of the moving blades mounted on the rotor and nozzles (stationery blades) mounted on a diaphragms inside the top and bottom half casing are so designed to minimize the losses and maximize the work extraction from the steam flow. PROJECT REPORT AIM:The project aims at providing thorough information about the assembly of high pressure module of Steam Turbine of the Parli Project. It also provides a basic understanding of the working of the steam turbine, the major components which are required for its construction and the processes involved in the assembly. Components: Major Components – * Outer Casing * Inner casing * Top Half * Bottom Half * Rotor * Blades Minor Components: Support Ring | Thrust ring | U-Sealing ring | Screw Grub sl otted | Angle ring | threaded ring | Stud | cap nut | Wrench | screw set | handle | Plate | screw hex | holding ring | parallel key | thrust pad | disc | Pin | Sealing ring | stud bolt | Nipple | Sleeve | plug for M24 | Technological plate | aper pin | guide column | sealing strip | shaft sealing cover | Washer | lock nut | caulking wire | square wire | lock washer | | REQUIREMENTS: DIFFERENT MACHINES USED FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINE IN BHEL, BHOPAL MACHINE NO. 20/A/67 This is a vertical boring machine. This is used for cutting inner diameter and outer diameter. It can also be used for chamfering. It is used for making many parts of rotor. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2018 This is a vertical borer. It is used for the production of the ring . This machine was used for decreasing the thickness of the ring used for the Parle project. It can also be used for performing ‘turning’ and ‘facing’ operations.This ring is used for holding the rotor during transportation to ensure its safety. It is a temporary component essential for easy and safe transportation of rotor of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 20/A/68 This is a vertical boring and turning machine. It is used for the production of U-Sealing ring of steam turbine. This U-Sealing ring is one of the major components of the outer casing. This is of great importance because it helps to fit properly the inner casing inside the outer casing to prevent the escape of steam. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2016 This is used for the facing of the big block of iron. This big iron block can be further used for making any part of lesser dimension of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 0/A/2087 This is a Plano milling machine. This is used for surfacing operation. It helped in the production of Parli HP Inner casing. It can also perform operations like angle cutting and face cutting. This is one of the oldest machines of BHEL, Bhopal. MACHINE NO. 20/A/2080 This is a drilling and boring machine. This is used for manufacturing dowell pi n which is one of the components of steam turbine. MACHINE NO. 20/A/71 This is a shroud machine. This is used for planning of the blades of the steam turbine to make them smooth and give them an overall finish. It helps further for proper aligning of the rotor and for the smooth passage of the steam.Apart from this several other machines were used for manufacturing many other small components. These components are like breach nut, holding ring, inner ring etc. METHADOLOGY: The assembly process was as follows – 1. The basic design of the outer casing was prepared in the foundry shop and was received in the Steam Turbine Manufacturing Shop (STM) 2. Some basic machining operations were done on the outer casing. This included – shaping, planning and edge cutting. 3. The outer casing has 2 inlets and 1 outlet. Many small components such as breach nut, sealing fin and sealing rings are fit to ensure that there is no leakage of steam at the inlets as well as the outlet. 4. Ba rrel system is followed.In this, the outer casing is mounted vertically on a stand and all the components are fixed after that. 5. The outer casing is made as a single entity. This is because of the High pressure steam inside it. The single entity structure makes it sturdier and more resistive to breakage. 6. It is a casted structure and the primary function is to prevent the leakage of steam and to prevent any external damages to the turbine. 7. The inner casing is made in two halves – the top and the bottom half. 8. Both of them are exactly of the same shape and size. 9. HP turbine casings are of double design type, based on the steam pressure and temperature at which the turbine will operate and the application for which the turbine was designed. 10.In the steam inlet plane the inner casing is axially fixed to the outer casing at the level of the flange. The inner casing is also supported laterally by sliding keys at the flange level. At the steam inlet end, centring is ac hieved by keys located in the upper and lower parts. At the exhaust end, centring is accomplished by a centring bolt. 11. The outer and inner casing is made of cast steel. Pre-stressed bolts hold the upper and lower casings together at the centre line. 12. The flange design is such that it ensures complete tightness of the joint without the need for sealing materials. 13. The inner casing has grooves for fitting the blades. The size of the blades is based on the capacity of the turbine. 14.Parli Project was of 250MW. The blades are fitted separately on each half of the inner casing. 15. It was a 25 stage module. That is the number of rings of blades to fixed on the casing was 25. Initially, the blades are hammered and fixed up to a certain mark. 16. Then, some blades are kept for testing. These loose blades are required to see whether all of the blades have been fixed as required. 17. The extra portion of the two end blades in each ring is shredded from each of the loose blades part ly. This is done so that the blades and the side surface of the casing are on the same level. 18. This is necessary for the two halves to fit together.There is a test called Blue Matching: Paint is applied on the surface of one of the casing. And its impression is taken on the other half. The place where there is no impression is machined and is made plane. 19. After the blades are fixed, the inner casing is sent for shroud machining. Shroud machining makes sure that blades are uniform, i. e. all the blades are on the same height vertically. 20. Then the casing is sent for other machining and finishing operations. Testing is done. The inner surface of the casing is checked for planarity. 21. Hydraulic Test : Water at pressure is filled inside the casing to see if there is any leakage. The pressure is checked periodically and if it remains the same the casing is ready. 2. The rotor also has 25 stages. The blades of the rotor are closed on both ends. They are not free. These blades ar e also known as rotatory blades. 23. They are fit with the help of cocking pins. The size of the blades increases from inlet towards the outlet as the volume of the steam increases. 24. After the blades are fixed on the rotor, the rotor is sent for over speed balancing. 25. Over speed Balancing: The rotor is rotated at a higher speed than the normal. 125% of the normal speed (3000rpm). The over speed balancing is done at the Banglore plant. 26. After the rotor comes back, it is aligned with the lower half of the inner casing. 27.The alignment is very important as the blades of the rotor should rotate exactly between the blades of the inner casing. 28. Also, the rotor should not vibrate along its position laterally or axially. These tests are called Axial Run out check and Radial Run out check. 29. The rotor is checked manually for any movement axially and radially. 30. The gap between the blades of the rotor and the casing has a certain tolerance level and this gap should be more th an 0. 8mm 31. The top half of inner casing is then fixed on the lower half with the help of bolts and nuts. 32. The tightening is done with the help of a machine. The two halves are fixed together with the help of 20 nuts and bolts. 3. This assembly of inner casing and rotor fitted inside it is ready to be fixed into the outer casing 34. Cranes are used to lift the inner casing. A U sealing ring ensures that inner casing fits perfectly

Cast Away Movie Essays

Cast Away Movie Essays Cast Away Movie Paper Cast Away Movie Paper In the film Cast Away, I was interested in Chucks transition between his communication process from before he was stranded on the island and his communication skills when he got back. Being stranded on an island for four years, having no one but a volleyball to talk to would of course have some effects on how anyone would present themselves when they returned. I noticed that in the beginning of the film, Chuck had sufficient communication competence and was able to connect well with people from his own culture and with those of other cultures because his Job had him traveling often. However, when he returned, he was unsure and withdrawn while he was around his family and friends, not really sure what to do around so many people at once. Before someone has communication competence, they have to be able to practice communicating by sending messages and using the five step listening process; though he sent out many messages, he couldnt receive anything back. From the reflect and relate textbook, (page 164) it explains that these are needed to form and maintain competent listening skills so your able to adapt youre listening purpose for different situations and encounters. He was already a competent communicator before, however, he was limited to the knowledge that he had once he was on the island and he wasnt able to progress in his communication skills. Without being able to know how to respond, it made it more difficult when his friends were interacting with him; he wasnt so sure how to respond. Another part of listening is receiving feedback and learning whats appropriate in your culture. When you communicate with others, you get negative or positive feedback that you need so you can learn how to use the feedback constructively to dapt your own listening skills to your culture; For Chuck in Cast Away, he was limited to whatever he imagined Wilsons response to be and he couldnt receive any feedback to help him build his listening skills. The reason that its so important to have constant feedback is not only for practice, but also for you to understand how all communication is changing. For example, using the word sick means being affected by physical illness, but it can now also be used to express something thats crazy or cool. While he wasnt able to fully communicate for the four years that he was on the sland, he had some other trouble with learning how to deal with grief. He was feeling lonely and isolated on the island and couldnt fgure out how to properly deal with emotional management. In the text, (page 129) it tells us that emotional management is one of the most important factors for effective interpersonal communication. It affects our emotional expression and how we experience things. Because he felt that he needed to manage some of the loss he was feeling from his wife and other family, he created Wilson; someone that he could express his inner thoughts to and to not feel so lonely on the island. In the text it also expresses the importance of emotions and how they have been developed in text only environments. We share and communicate our emotional experiences by emotion-snaring. Because emotion-snaring is so important, when Chuck felt isolated on the island and wasnt able to share his emotions, he created a person that he could talk to. In the beginning of the movie, it shows him consoling his friend whose wife is very sick. He obviously has had those types of relationships where he could share his emotions before he was stranded. When he gets back at he end of the movie it shows him again sharing in his friends grief and apologizing for not being able to be there for him. He had those kind of problem himself while on the Island feeling lonely and isolated, he felt grief for the loss of his girlfriend and back home. Along with his inability to fully interact, he was unable to take part in social comparison (explained on page 40 in the text). Where were able to watch and recognize our own actions and compare them with others. This has an important effect on ourselves and how we interact with people, seeing people we want to be like and following their examples. Obviously Wilson didnt react back to him and he wasnt able to discern what is socially acceptable in a normal environment. Because of this when he was brought back and was at his welcome home party, he wasnt sure how to act around other people and instead Just stayed mostly silent. Because of his competent interpersonal skills from before, he had a lot of important relationships and symbols. Symbols are used many times in the movie, objects that have meaning to him while hes on the island and ones that he finds back home. The watch that Kelly gave him is used constantly throughout the movie. It was important to him to keep it on the same time zone back home, even though it broke on island, and the picture it held of his girlfriend, which he would look at while he fell asleep in the caves. It was an important symbol that represented the loss he felt for a loved one and I felt like it was one of the things that kept him going while he was on the island. The package was another symbol used in the film, he painted the drawing it had on his raft and he didnt open it throughout the four years he was there. He even saved the box and finally got it to where it was supposed to be shipped. There are other symbolic things throughout the movie like Chucks car and the keys that still held his pocketknife; which symbolized how much Kelly cared for him and how important their relationship was. Without being able to engage in social comparison, it could have negative effects on his self-concept and his self-esteem. Self-concept is built based off of social comparison, like when you feel good about how well you communicate with others or if youre compared favorably with others. Your self- concept can be based on different things like media, family, or friends. Because he wasnt around any of these things, he was stuck trying to remember how he used to be. He may see himself as the person that he used before, but on the island he had changed so much and in page 42 of the text, it describes how its hard for us to change the way we believe ourselves to be. All of his interactions for those four years were one-way, being able to send out messages but never getting anything back, he wasnt able to understand how he was changing in self-concept. As for his girlfriend Kelly, she was experiencing loss and she wasnt even sure if Chuck was alive or not, she had to move on from their relationship. Just maintaining a relationship with someone whos constantly around you can be difficult and there are many relationship strategies that have to take place in order to maintain a healthy relations ip n . Ot course Chuck woul d nave to be actually present in the relationship at all to really maintain it. Though they clearly had a good relationship when he left and Kelly still loved him when he was brought back, they had been separated for so long that she had developed other relationships when he was gone. She had gotten arried and had a daughter. Chuck on the other hand had only her in mind as a romantic partner, but thats because he knew she was alive and he hadnt been able to develop any other relationships while he had been alone on the island. As for his other relationships that he had throughout the movie with his friends he wasnt really able to build or maintain relationships with his friends either. As I mentioned before he had a close relationship with his friend whos wife was sick. While Chuck was gone his friend lost his wife and he wasnt able to be there for him while he grieved. Theres a scene in the beginning of the film that shows Chuck at a Christmas dinner with family and friends where hes interacting with them and making Jokes. Its good comparison to the dinner he has with his friends when he gets back. Before, when he was around his family, he knew how to interact with them and he had close personal relationships. At the other dinner it shows him standing quietly while everyone interacts around him. It makes it very clear that theres now space between him and everyone else. Watching this film I noticed how his communication competence deteriorated rom the moment he was stranded on the island and how it affected his life once he got back. Without the constant practice and use of our communication skills we cant maintain our skills or progress with them. Progression in communication is important because things are always changing and we need to learn how to change and adapt to listening and building relationships. You have to have a two-way communication to fully understand not only others, but your own communication as well. The movie demonstrated proper communication and showed the importance of relationships and maintaining your communication competence.

Exploring the impact of retail promotion strategy on customer Essay

Exploring the impact of retail promotion strategy on customer behaviour - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the food retail industry is very competitive in the UK with retailers adopting strategies to optimise store performance and increase loyalty. This level of competition is likely to accelerate with recent headlines expressing concern over Tesco’s dominance of the food retail market. This is not a new concern as prior to these reports, the regulating standards body prevented Tesco from acquiring Safeways over fears that the industry would not be competitive. The food retail industry is also one which is characterised by tight profit margins as customers in this industry are constantly on the lookout for value for money in terms of prices offered. This has resulted in food retailers adopting various promotion strategies in a bid to control customer behaviour, and the bulk of the promotion strategies seem to have focussed on loyalty. Other promotion strategies that have been used include blanket couponing and one-to-one marketing. These strategi es have also relied on recording customer shopping behaviour, and the information collected is often used to ascertain what customers’ buy, the frequency with which they buy these products and when they buy it. This information is then used to give the customer coupons or vouchers that are specific to their frequent purchases. Some food retailers like Aldi’s and Lidl’s have not adopted any promotional strategies and instead they have gone for low pricing on the basis that it introduces stable pricing to customers.

Design and Technology (D&T) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Design and Technology (D&T) - Essay Example Stenhouse (Cited in Armitage, 195) argues that "Curriculum to many in compulsory education, is understood to be the government planned intentions", or "prescribed intended learning outcomes" This definition lends itself to the planning of specific learning targets which can be translated into specific learning outcomes for individual lessons. However this process is not inclusive, as it does not maximise the potential of immediate learner feedback, and therefore reduces the level of learner participation in the learning process. The aims of this study are therefore focused upon the potential role learner feedback or evaluation can play in developing curriculum, facilitating greater learner participation and ownership. The role of Design and Technology in schools on England is evolving. These changes were announced in the Government Green Paper 14-19: Extending Opportunities Raising Standards (DfES, 2002), which argued that education and instruction of 14-19-year-olds should be delivered by a more flexible curriculum with a broad range of options. Beginning in September 2002, Design and Technology was no longer a compulsory school subject from age 14: the age which marks the end of Key Stage 3 of the National Curriculum in England. Students will have a statutory entitlement at KS4 to opt to study D&T subjects, but also more freedom within what was recognised as a very crowded curriculum to select other subjects of their choice. These changes along with the introduction of league tables have had a considerable impact on D&T provision in secondary schools. Hirst (1974: p 110) argues that the wider context of education 'is affected by the motivations of society'; the advent of league tables has evoked increasingly competitive organisations and teachers, along with an increased organisations and teachers, along with an increased orientation towards accountability both on an organizational and individual level. Design and Technology was introduced into the National Curriculum in England and Wales in 1990 (Under the Technology in the National Curriculum Statutory Order, DES and Welsh Office, 1990). Some suggest that this was a response by the government to the importance of technology to the British economy at that time (Layton, 1995). However, most agree that little research evidence existed before the introduction of D&T into the curriculum, on which to base these decisions (DES/Welsh Office, 1988. Section 1.15. Kimbell, Stables &Green, 1996, 17. Penfold, 1988, 5; Shield, 1996, 10). This is also reflected upon the curriculum of the day that was viewed as being 'product' orientated (Bobbitt 1918, 42; 1928. and Tyler, 1949, 89). The underpinning theme being that learners were taught 'what people needed to know in order to work' (Bobbitt, 1918. 42); this orientation towards knowledge focused upon achieving competences. Today still some practical elements of D&T are and will remain competence or skills focused, and therefore influenced by product orientated curriculum of the 1990's. These elements of the D&T curriculum include the correct and safe used of tools and equipment, which are also assessed competences at GCSE level. Nevertheless, its associated distinctive model of teaching and learning had been evolving over the years (Kimbell and Perry, 2001; Penfold 1988, 23). It is claimed that England and Wales were the first